Litinsects

Dragonfly wings Dipteran (fly) wing Monarch butterfly wing Lacewing wings Litinsects #34: Insect Wings Let’s talk wings. The ability to fly has existed in only 4 groups of animals: birds , bats , pterosaurs , and of course insects . The first three groups, all vertebrates, each evolved flight independently (in other words, they have no winged ancestor in common) and the wings replace a pair of limbs. Insect wings on the other hand, which first showed up around 400 million years ago, are not derived from legs but are completely separate structures. The big debate about the evolution of insect wings is whether they developed from pre-existing structures (like gills or extensions of the thorax) or were entirely new structures. There is very little fossil evidence documenting this evolutionary transition so no one has yet definitively answered this question... Insect wings attach to the second and third thoracic segments. At rest they may be held vertically over the back, horizontally ou

A row of hamuli on the wing of a bee The top two hamuli shown here are hooked onto the back edge of the forewing. Litinsects #33: Hamuli Today’s post is another on anatomy and is about a structure found in a group of insects that probably everyone around the world is familiar with... The order HYMENOPTERA is comprised of bees, wasps, sawflies, and ants. (Yes, ants are actually related to bees and wasps.) At around 150,000 described species it is among the top 4 largest group of insects (along with beetles, flies, and butterflies). One defining characteristic of hymenopterans are HAMULI (see photos). Hamuli (singular hamulus) are microscopic hook-like structures on the front surface of the rear wing that hook into the back edge of the front wing. This system interlocks the two wing pairs during flight, allowing them to beat in unison and act as one functional pair of wings. Basically hymenopterans have developed an anatomical wing coupling feature to enhance flight efficiency. (In the t